Unix provides a file system in which all these processes, connections and devices are accessed via files. It provides special file types for interprocess communication. Following are the file types provided by Unix. 1. Regular Files 2. Directory Files 3. Block Special Files 4. Character Special Files 5. FIFO 6. Socket Regular files are also … Read more

This function is used for file descriptor manipulation. It is used for changing the attributes of an opened file. The syntax of this file is as follows: int fcntl(int file_descriptor, int cmd, int arg) The header files sys/types, unistd and fcntl have to be included to use this function. It returns –1 in case of … Read more

Today the young generation is mostly restless and disturbed. There are different factors behind it. Scientific revolution has made this world a global village and one thing that is exploiting the human nature is flood of information. I am not saying that information is a bad thing but when this information is given in a … Read more

Bureaucracy is the group of professional officers who performs rationalized functions in large scale organizations, especially government ones. Thus and organizations said to be bureaucratized when its procedures for action and decision have become formalized and impersonal through elaborate rules that are "public". The growth of modern government is thus been as intimately tied to … Read more

During the past fifteen years the access of the public to information technology and, thereby, to information from a variety of sources, has changed power structures at the national and international level. At the national level one of the striking new political alliances that have emerged as a result is that between communications media, including … Read more

The term lucky person can be defined in a number of ways depending upon the context you are asking in. there are a number of different types of the human beings living in different societies. Each society set some criteria for a lucky person and a person itself also has a major role in describing … Read more

There are too many factors in our lives that make us to believe on fate. Fate has a major role in the life of a human being.Actually the fate and effort both matter a lot in the human life. There is fifty percent contribution of fate and fifty percent of the efforts that you make … Read more

The ATM stands for asynchronous transfer mode. It is actually the protocol that works at the data link layer of OSI reference model.It is considered to be the combination of circuit switching and packet switching in the sense that it uses transfer the data in the form of small packets through a virtual circuit between … Read more

A person who is aware of his duties and rights in his society is a good citizen. He knows that he is a member of the group with which he is associated by a thousand and one ties. He realizes that he should live in harmony with other members of society. Man cannot line without … Read more

System calls provide an interface to communicate with the operating system kernel. Kernel is the core of the operating system and it facilitates the user programs by managing the hardware resources. Kernel provides a simple interface to the application programs to interact with the hardware and that interface is provided in the form of system … Read more

Advertisements are an essential to the newspaper of today. Its finance depends on the advertisements. Without them, it would have either to raise its price to a certain level. But it can prove disastrous to its circulation because the people will move to some other newspaper. There is also a choice to reduce its size … Read more

It is commonly believed that early risers are the most successful people because early rising has a lot of advantages.The most important advantage of early rising is the good start that it gives us in the start of our day's work and a good start keeps a person fresh all the daylong. Early riser can … Read more

If you are asking in the context of the children that go to the school then I think that the home work is essential for the self improvement of students. In the classroom they get some class work and do that in the attention of teacher. Teacher resolves their problems and guides them at the … Read more

The commerce is actually a type of business. There are two types of businesses by nature: 1. industry 2. commerce The industry is a type of the business which contains the work of manufacturing and developing some products from a raw material. Like the industry of leader, steel industry. Cotton industry etc.The industry business is … Read more

It is natural to feel this condition after having some emotional disturbance in the life. Emotions are very much important to some people while there a lot of the people that don't bother what are feelings in fact. So, as you are telling that your heart has broken. I do not know what has happened … Read more

SNMP is the abbreviation of Simple Network Management Protocol. It is used for monitoring the network performance and hence for the management of a network. Managing and troubleshooting a large network is a difficult task and is not possible without the use of special tools that are specially designed for this purpose. It helpful because … Read more

Operator overloading allows programmers to use the existing operators so that they can be used with user defined data types. The programmer provides a function definition to that specifies the return data type followed by keyword 'operator ' and the operator that is to be overloaded. Then the operation of the operator is defined in … Read more

Transport layer accepts data from session layer breaks it into packets and delivers these packets to the network layer. It is the responsibility of transport layer to guarantee successful arrival of data at the destination device. It provides an end-to-end dialog that is the transport layer at the source device directly communicates with transport layer … Read more

The networking models actually describe the way in which you can access and share the resources on a network. There are three different models that can be used in networking. These models differ in the way the network resources are managed and controlled over a network. These resources may be data, printers, fax machines, modems … Read more

As we know that in any centralized computer network system all the resources are stored or managed at one place (computer system). This makes is easy for system administrator to keep all that resources consistent and in accurate form. While in distributed system all the sites containing the data and resources need to be managed. … Read more