Personal Characteristics Needed by Managers: In addition to the various skills that effective managers need, several personal characteristics are also important. They are Desire to manage: The successful manager has a strong desire to manage, to influence other, and to get results through the team efforts of subordinates. To be sure, many people want the … Read more

Distributed processing: It implies that an organization's computer resources and information processing activities are located at more than one location. Today, it also implies that computer resources are connected or networked in some manner. Advantages of distributed processing Managers and organizations have become interested in distributed processing for many reasons: • Quicker response time: By … Read more

Benefits of Managements by Objectives 1. Improvements of managing: All the advantages of managements by objectives can be summarized by saying that is results is greatly improved management. Objectives cannot be established without planning is the only kind that makes sense. Management by objectives forces managers to think about planning for results, rather than merely … Read more

Animal Tissues        Animal tissues are divided into four major types.            (1)Epithelial tissues     (2) Connective tissues (3)Muscle tissue       (4) Nerve tissue          These four types are further divided into sub-types according to their functions or location. A few of them are explained briefly. (1)Epithelial Tissue     … Read more

The Delphi Technique: It now is used as a multipurpose planning tool. The Delphi technique is a group process that anonymously generates ideas or judgments from physically dispersed experts. Unlike the NGT, experts' ideas are obtained from questionnaires or via the internet as opposed to face- to- face group discussions. A manager begins the Delphi … Read more

Serial versus Parallel Transmission: Data are transmitted along a communications medium either in serial or in parallel. Most microcomputer owners know that their machines are equipped with serial and parallel ports. These enable the computer to transmit both serial and parallel digital signals. In both serial and parallel transmission, the bytes corresponding to each message … Read more

Benefits of DBMS (Database Management Systems) are followings: A true DBMS offers several advantages over file processing. The principal advantages of a DBMS are the followings: • Flexibility: Because programs and data are independent, programs do not have to be modified when types of unrelated data are added to or deleted from the database, or … Read more

Advantages of DBMS (Database Management Systems) are followings: A true DBMS offers several advantages over file processing. The principal advantages of a DBMS are the followings: • Flexibility: Because programs and data are independent, programs do not have to be modified when types of unrelated data are added to or deleted from the database, or … Read more

Most meetings in organization are rarely as formal (although Board Meeting might require a minimum number of people to attend). Meeting can be used for the following purposes: 1. Executive decision-making (e.g. by a group of directors, managers, government officials). 2. The relaying of decision and instruction (e.g. briefings). 3. The dissemination of information and … Read more

Role stress  A role is a type of behavior, in relation to other, that the individuals display. Following are some of the types of Role stress:  (a) Role ambiguity is a situation where and individuals is not sure what his role is, or when those around him are not clear what his role is. This … Read more

Advantages: There are several advantages which can be claimed for this from of organization: (1)The company business is generally a large-scale business. Therefore, it enjoys all the economies of large-scale production, internal and external, e.g., economies arising from the use of specialized labor and machinery, economy of space, of buying and selling, publicity, research or … Read more

DIP (Document Image Processing) Document Image Processing is an electronic form of filing. In a DIP system, a document is passed through a scanner and a digitized image is then stored on a storage device (perhaps an optical disk). This can then be retrieved and shown on a computer screen. The image of the document … Read more

"A commodity has a demand if a person is willing and has the ability to buy it". Three kinds of demands may be distinguished: (a) Price Demand; (b) Income Demand; and (c) Cross Demand. (a) Price Demand: Price demand refers to the various quantities of a commodity or service that a consumer would purchase at … Read more

Quality Circles consists of a group of employees perhaps about eight in number, who meet regularly to discuss problems of quality and quantity control in their area of work, and perhaps to suggest ways of improving quality. The quality circle has a leader or supervisor who directs discussions and possibly also helps to train other … Read more

1) Failure to teach the philosophy of MBO: As management by objectives may seem, managers who would put into practice must understand and appreciate a good deal about it. They, in turn, must explain to subordinates what it is, how it work, why it is being done, what part it will play in appraising performance, … Read more

Centralized Versus Decentralized: The terms "centralized" and "decentralized" are important management concept. Often, they are used to refer to the distribution of authority and decision making with in an organization. Centralized Organizations: They are firms in which all the major decisions are made at the top of the organization hierarchy. In such organization, people at … Read more

A computer-based information system (CBIS) is an information system in which the computer plays a major role. Such a system consists of the following elements: • Hardware: The term hardware refers to machinery. This category includes the computer itself, which is often referred to as the central processing unit (CPU), and all of its support … Read more

Executive Decision-Making • Lack of structure: Many of the decisions made by executives are relatively unstructured .For instance, what general direction should the company take? Or what type of advertising campaign will best promote the new product line? These type of decisions are not as clear-cut as deciding how to debug a computer program or … Read more

Computer-Related Ethical Issues: The major issues that people face when working with information system generally fall into four main categories: privacy, accuracy, property, and access. Privacy: Privacy concerns collection and the use (or misuse) of data about individuals, which are collected and stored in a computer system. Most Americans feel that they should not have … Read more

Following are the characteristics of effective information: • Information is something that is perceived: Stated another way, information refers to data that have been processed by the human mind and therefore have been given some type of meaning. Perceptual and personality factors influence the manner in which data are encoded, processed, and stored. Thus, two … Read more