The onset is usually insidious; the person experiences a period of general fatigue, non specific illness, and morning stiffness and tenderness in some joints. The small joints of the hands or feet or the wrists, elbows or knees are generally the first to be involved. The disease develops symmetrically and it is progressive, the affected … Read more

Manifestations vary with the location in the intestine. It the neoplasm is in the small intestine, the symptoms develop insidiously and are vague and less noticeable. They include: 1. Anorexia. 2. Nausea and vomiting. 3. Anemia. 4. Loss of weight. 5. Loss of strength, and 6. Occult blood in the stool. Obstructive symptoms appear gradually … Read more

The employers ask questions through which they can learn more about the interviewee. They try to decide if you will prove to be an asset or a liability to the company if you are hired, if you have any redeeming qualities to your credit or not. Some of the questions below are commonly asked during … Read more

The meninges consist of three sheaths covering the brain and spinal cord: the pia, arachnoid and dura mater. Meningitis (inflammation of the meninges) is the most common and important disease affecting the meninges. The infection may be blood borne or local spread. Types of meningitis are: --- Pyogenic meningitis: meningococcal meningitis is by far the … Read more

This means that the liver is no longer able to carry out its various metabolic functions. Liver failure may result from chronic liver disease (cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease or extensive tumor) or from fulminant hepatic failure (usually secondary to viral hepatitis or paracetamol over dose). The effects of liver failure are as … Read more

Organisms must enter the body to cause disease, and the different ways in which they do so are often referred to as 'the modes of spread'. Droplet infection: if organisms are present in the upper air passages they are expelled into the air while speaking, sneezing or coughing, and can then be readily inhaled by … Read more

This is a clinical syndrome produced by a reduction in the blood supply to the muscle of the heart. When a muscle has to work with a deficient oxygen supply, a severe cramping pain occurs. This pain, due to oxygen deficiency, is common to al muscles: an example can readily be provided by applying a … Read more

It is a malignant tumor of the soft tissue (muscles, connective tissues, lymphatic tissues, tendons, vascular tissues, etc). It arises from embryonal tissue and may occur anywhere in the body where striated muscle is found. It occurs most often between 2 and 6 years and 15 to 19 years. It is staged according to the … Read more

Nephrotic syndrome is a damage which occurs to the glomerular structure of the kidneys causing proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. It usually follows a previous infection. It may be classified according to the duration and kidney damage (minimal change nephrotic syndrome, secondary nephrotic syndrome, or congenital nephrotic syndrome). It is more commonly seen in children … Read more

It is a viral or bacterial infection occurring frequently during infancy and early childhood. It may be a primary disease or be the result of another illness. It is manifested by inflammation and consolidation of pulmonary parenchyma. It is classified by the causative agent with the viral being more common (most often respiratory syncytial virus). … Read more

Allana was normally spoken as G. Allana was born in Karachi, in the year 1906. He became the mentor for the youth of that time. Starting his political career as General Secretary of the Sind Muslim League, he rose to be the Financial Secretary of the All Pakistan Muslim League, the Mayor of Karachi, and … Read more

There is another way in which the state commonly affects the moral lives of its individual members, and that is the way of punishment. The three common theories of punishment are known as: a) The Deterrent theory: according to this theory the purpose of punishing anyone who has done wrong is to deter others from … Read more

A motive may be defined as a conscious mental process which moves a man to act in a particular way, and with the possible exception of actions done from a sense of duty, actions done with a conscious process of willing have as their motives desires. It is my desire to eat food that … Read more

Desires depend on certain tendencies of our human nature which may be classified as a) organic needs, b) instincts and c) general innate tendencies. a) Organic needs or wants are those human tendencies which are necessary for the continued existence and normal development of the body. We human beings share such needs with the … Read more

The bill of exchange Act 1882 defines promissory note as an unconditional promise in writing made by one person to another, signed by the maker, engaging to pay, on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time, a sum certain in money to or to the other of, a specified person, or to bearer. … Read more

This method is adopted by the central bank to expand or contrast credit money in the market. Under this method the bank either sells or purchases government securities to control credit. When it wants to expand credit it starts purchasing government securities with the result that more money is pumped into the market. This money … Read more

Every country has to import and export goods and services. Import is the buying from a foreign country and export refers to the selling abroad. The difference between import and export bill of a nation during a given period is known as balance of trade / balance of payment. Balance of trade includes only flow … Read more

In an organizational set-up there are three types of communication: 1. Down ward communication: this is also known as superior – subordinate communication. In this type, a superior communicates with his subordinates. The main purposes of downward communication are: a. To establish and disseminate goals of an organization. b. To give information about organizational policies … Read more

The members of an organization may find it difficult to communicate with each other. Some common problems are: 1. At times, the sender encodes the message using inappropriate words. 2. The sender transmits message before giving the idea an adequate thought. If the idea is based on assumptions that are not correct, this will lead … Read more

Piles are cushions of tissue which normally line the last part of the large bowel just above the anal canal. For reasons that are not entirely understood but likely to be associated with straining during passage of stools, the size of these cushions gradually enlarges. During the process at times abrasions from hard stools cause … Read more