Water has the ability to dissolve everything so it is used as the universal solvent. For making solutions you add water to the solute. This process is known as hydration. Energy of hydration is the amount of energy given out from an indefinite dilute solution when you add a mole of ion in a large … Read more

When we have a virtual office benefits and draw backs always follow it. Some of the advantages involve: 1- You have a relaxing work environment 2- More part time workers can be hired 3- Releases the stress on employees 4- Even your environment do not have to suffer pollution as you don't have to drive … Read more

There might be a number of reasons for kidney infections. Basically if your body resistance is low definitely the germs will travel up to the bladder takes the way to the kidneys and will stay there and re divide. Infection may be chronic or acute. In case of acute the infection starts rapidly and suddenly … Read more

As we know that the female mosquito belongs to the genus anopheles. It spreads a parasite of genus plasmodium. This parasite has two types of hosts whom it can successfully infect. They are humans and female anopheles mosquito. In humans this parasite first attacks the lever than the red cells of blood. In RBCs' (red … Read more

From the basic principle of indemnity, there arise several important doctrines such as 1- Contribution A person can get his goods insured with more than one insurance company. In the event of a loss, each company will contribute that proportion of the loss with the policy issued by it bears to the total amount, insured … Read more

The main principles of insurance are as follows: Principle of utmost good faith Insurance is a contract between two parties in which the insurer agrees on the payment of periodic premium to pay claims on the happening of a specified event o the insured after due verification. The principle demands that there should be no … Read more

Camels were used for domestic purpose almost thousands of years ago by traders, who have to travel long distances, from Southern Arabia to north region of the middle east. Camels became the major source of transport, shade, milk, meat, wool and hides for the desert dwellers. Scientists believe that the ancestors of modern camels lived … Read more

Fiscal policy is a very sensitive counter cyclical instrument in the hands of the state. It should be very intelligently used. If it is combined with monetary policy, its efficiency can be further heightened. Fiscal policy nowadays is considered to be a powerful anti cyclical weapon in the hands of the government. Fiscal policy involves … Read more

"A flexible exchange rate is the one in which the foreign exchange rate is determined by the market forces of supply of and demand for foreign exchange". In the freely floating exchange rate system, there is no invention on the part of the government of the country to determine the exchange rates. The government is … Read more

Coinage of money means the process of manufacturing metals into certain shape so that the uniformity in weight and size is maintained in all the coins of the same kind. Jevons in his book "MONEY AND THE MECHANISM OF EXCHANGE" has defined coins as "Ingots of which the weight and fineness are certified by the … Read more

Merchant wholesalers The merchant wholesalers are the middleman who take little to goods (purchase) and sell them to retailers for further selling individual consumers on piece meal basis. The merchant wholesalers purchase the commodities in bulk, operate warehouse for storage, offer credit and goods to the retailers. They also sometimes offer advice to the market … Read more

Agent wholesalers The agent wholesalers are an important category of the middleman. The outstanding feature of agent wholesalers is that they do not take title to goods, which they sell. Their main function is to negotiate sales on commission basis primarily for the manufacturers. The specific type of agent wholesalers includes: 1- brokers Brokers do … Read more

Advantages to retailers 1- The retailers deal with large number of customers daily and keep a wide variety of goods at display in the shops. The wholesalers, who are situated at convenient places, meet their daily or weekly requirements of goods. The retailers thus concentrate on the sale of goods 2- The wholesalers purchase the … Read more

Types of retail operations There area variety of retail operations depending on the type of ownership, kinds of goods handled stores location. Various types of retail trading houses are; 1- hawkers and paddlers They sell goods by moving door to door. 2- street traders They sell goods on pavements or busy road's corner. 3- market … Read more

Reasons of foreign trade There are various reasons for conducting business on an international scale. Trade between countries arise because it is to their mutual advantage. If a country is enjoying a monopoly is the production of a certain commodity, it will have an absolute advantage in the production of that commodity over other countries. … Read more

Difference between domestic trade and foreign trade and their peculiar problems Trade, no doubt, implies exchange of goods between persons, but there are marked differences between domestic trade and international trade. The differences and the complications arise therein are as follows: Distance The distance involved in export of goods in external trade is generally greater … Read more

Benefits to manufactures 1- Advertising helps the manufacturers in creating demand for the products and thus increasing their sales 2- Effective advertising keeps steady demand for products round the year. The seasonal fluctuations are greatly smoothed out by good advertisement. 3- Advertising stimulates demand for products. The manufacturers keep smaller inventories due to rapid turn … Read more

Demerits of advertising Advertisement is not an unmixed blessing. It has certain demerits which are as follows: Economic waste One of the major arguments advanced against advertising is that it leads to economic waste. The advertisers invest huge amount of money on publicity of their products which becomes a part of the cost of production. … Read more

Benefits of advertising It has been universally accepted that advertising is an important tool of marketing of the products. The expenditure on advertising is regarded as a profitable investment. The main benefits claimed of advertising are as follows:- 1- 3 R's of advertising These are retaining the loyal customer, reducing lost customers and recruiting new … Read more

Steps in the sales process A salesman, if he is to be effective, must follow certain steps in making a sale. The main steps of the sales process are as follows:- 1- Prospecting It means the location of new customers. A salesman should not be contended with the customers who purchase the products from him … Read more